Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein forming amino acid (aa) derived from the loss of the methyl group found within methionine
Managing GGT through hydration, a plant-based diet, reduced medication, vitamins, and stress management improves health and reduces risks
Consequently, intracellular GSH depletion increases the free copper pool, promotes protein oligomerization, and heightens sensitivity to copper-mediated cell death [110]
However, in resistant patients, oxidative stress causes a conformational change in Keap1, leading to the release of NRF2, which translocates to the nucleus and binds to antioxidant response element (ARE), activating the expression of downstream antioxidant genes, including GPX4, NQO1, HO-1 and SOD1 [33], and promoting the synthesis of GSH, as illustrated in Fig