Fever or malaise (rare)
It plays a crucial role in cellular events such as inflammatory responses, altered cell growth, and apoptosis ( Figure 1 ) ( Figure 1 The role of alterations in the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of vitiligo has been extensively studied ( CAT gene and reduced catalase activity have also been associated with several metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and peroxisomal/peroxisomal diseases ( On the other hand, the chronic OS will produce an excessive accumulation of ROS, which in turn induces the production of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and the release of melanosomal antigens that activate innate immunity ( + T cells are activated through HSP70i activation and antigen presentation by mature dendritic cells ( + T cells are recruited to induce melanocyte apoptosis ( + T cells ( These findings suggest that oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo
Machado TR, Leite IS, Inada NM, Li MS, Da Silva JS, Andres J, Beltrn-Mir H, Cordoncillo E, Longo E (2019) Designing biocompatible and multicolor fluorescent hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for cell-imaging applications
For instance, high levels of copper will lead to elevated noradrenalin and lower levels of dopamine
