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In addition to impaired energy production, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to direct damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (91, 92)

The presence of insulin resistance and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-) induce hepatic GH resistance (64), causing increases in GH and decreases in IGF-I levels ( Table 1 )

Taking it in the morning can boost energy, enhance cognitive function, and support metabolic health, while nighttime supplementation can aid liver detoxification, improve sleep quality, and support cellular repair

Using B12 supplements as a weight loss aid without medical indication is not recommended and may distract from evidence-based weight management strategies