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The severity of dependence scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users

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Although self-reported smoking yields lower prevalence estimates than assessment with serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, it is unlikely that underreporting will have a large effect on the findings of this report because of the overall high concordance between self-reported smoking and biochemical assessment with cotinine ( 7 )