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265,294,295 The proposed mechanisms involve the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and insulin resistance

Oxidative stress is the disturbance in the balance between the generation of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and antioxidant defenses, and can cause oxidative damage to diverse cellular components, such as membranes, proteins, and DNA

Water deficit, induced by 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) treatment to rice seedlings led to increment in antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolics, which were several folds higher in the tolerant cultivar Pokkali, as compared to the sensitive varieties like IR-29 and Pusa Basmati (Basu et al., 2008)

The results demonstrate that sperm viability and sperm count decrease and the sperm deformity rate increases as the altitude increases, and the effects are most obvious at an altitude of 6000 m