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Abbreviations -MSH -melanocyte-stimulating hormone ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAT catalase CREB cAMP response element-binding protein DHI 5,6-dihydroxyindole DHICA DHI-2- carboxylic acid ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase GCL glutamate cysteine ligase GCLC GCL catalytic subunit GCLM GCL modifier subunit GPx glutathione peroxidase GR glutathione reductase GSH glutathione GSS glutathione synthetase GSSG glutathione disulphide GST glutathione S-transferase H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide JNK c-JUN N-terminal kinase L-DOPA L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MC1R melanocortin 1 receptor MITF melanogenesis-associated transcription factor NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 O 2 superoxide OH hydroxyl radical PKA protein kinase A POMC pro-opiomelanocortin ROS reactive oxygen species SCF stem cell factor SOD superoxide dismutase TCF-LEF T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor TRP-1 tyrosinase-related protein 1 TRP-2 dopachrome tautomerase Trx thioredoxin TrxR Trx reductase TYR tyrosinase UVR ultraviolet radiation Wnt wingless-related integration site xCT cystine/glutamate antiporter Contributor Information Kathryn F