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6.3.2 Abnormal fatty acid oxidation It should be noted that FAO abnormalities have cell-type specificity human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to short-term cigarette smoke (CS) or treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) show upregulated FAO and increased expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, thereby promoting FAO-mediated ROS production and cell death, and participating in the development of emphysema (33)

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