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Thus, those people who smoked 40cig/day had a 10-fold increased risk of COPD compared to a never smoker [OR=10.1 (95% CI: 5.318.4)]

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Even though short recall periods seem to be more precise and decrease the magnitude of reporting error in physical activity estimates, they do not estimate habitual physical activity or long-term adherence which would need to be assessed using long-term recall periods (96)

While nicotine itself doesnt cause dementia, the act of smoking cigarettes may be linked to an The harmful substances in cigarette smoke can lead to cell inflammation, factors linked to the onset of Alzheimers disease