These include: Aldosterone Influences blood pressure and electrolyte balance Regulated sodium and potassium balance Cortisol Participates in the stress response, immune function, and metabolism Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S A precursor to sex hormones estrogen and testosterone Enhances stress tolerance Low levels are associated with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and decreased bone mineral density Epinephrine and norepinephrine Increase release of glucose and fatty acids for immediate energy Increase bronchiole dilation Adrenal gland structure and hormone production Adrenal Insufficiency: Insufficient production of cortisol and/or aldosterone Primary (adrenal) Addisons disease, insufficient cortisol and aldosterone Causes include autoimmune adrenal gland damage, infection, genetic abnormalities Characterized by weight loss, frailty, fatigue, low blood pressure, salt cravings, skin hyperpigmentation Secondary (pituitary) Insufficient pituitary production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) ACTH stimulates adrenal cortisol synthesis Tertiary (hypothalamus) Caused by exogenous steroid medications Adrenal Hyperfunction: Long-term excess cortisol exposure, aldosteronism Cushings Severe morbidity, weight gain (especially face and trunk), muscle weakness, thin skin, easy bruising, high blood pressure, glucose intolerance, mood swings, increased CVD risk Exogenous Cushings caused by corticosteroid use Endogenous Cushings caused by adrenal tumors, pituitary tumors, or ACTH-generating tumors elsewhere Aldosterone Primary aldosteronism Chronic anxiety, unhealthy dietary choices, hormone dysregulation, and environmental pollution can trigger adrenal dysfunction
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Saito R, Yamada S, Yamamoto Y, Kodera T, Hara A, Tanaka Y, et al
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