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Looking beyond broad racial and ethnic population categories can help better focus the strategies that we know work to reduce tobacco use among sub-groups with higher rates of use. Additional results from the study include: Among Whites, current cigarette smoking prevalence was 27.7 percent in 2002-2005 and 24.9 percent in 2010-2013

Chris Bullen, an e-cigarette researcher and professor at the University of Auckland's school of public health, noted that newer electronic cigarettes use a heating control mechanism that prevents "cooking" the e-liquid, and reduces the risk of generating harmful aldehydes

Most of the included studies verified these outcomes by self-reported questionnaire

However, it is clear that nicotine induces oxidative stress and affects antioxidant defense systems in different tissues