This comparative approach has provided valuable insights into the biology of the IGF axis and its implications for health and disease
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Initially identified as nine fundamental biological drivers of aging (13), the list has been updated to include twelve hallmarks: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, disabled macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis (14)
As the activation of both JNK and caspase-3 contributed to TNF-induced cell death with NF-B inhibition, we examined the effects of HFD consumption on the hepatic activation status of JNK and caspase-3 cleavage