It is generally believed that the mechanisms underlying nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and subsequent transactivation of ARE-regulated genes include (a) stabilization of cytoplasmic Nrf2 through blockade of its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by Keap1-Cul3 complex, and (b) dissociation of Nrf2 from Keap1 via phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of Nrf2 by activation of protein kinases such as .mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, protein kinase C(PKC), and casein kinase-2 (CK2)
423 Furthermore, the study emphasized that neurons in specific brain regions, such as the hindbrain and hypothalamus, co-express GLP-1R along with 1-adrenergic and -opioid receptors, suggesting a localized mechanism within the CNS that could coordinate peripheral anti-inflammatory responses
A., Alefishat, E., Kasabri, V
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